SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Model-based reasoning</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Model-based reasoning</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

<p>In <a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, <b>model-based reasoning</b> refers to an <a href="Inference" title="Inference">inference</a> method used in <a href="Expert_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Expert systems">expert systems</a> based on a <a href="Model_(abstract)" class="mw-redirect" title="Model (abstract)">model</a> of the physical world. With this approach, the main focus of application development is developing the model. Then at run time, an "engine" combines this model knowledge with observed data to derive conclusions such as a diagnosis or a prediction.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reasoning_with_declarative_models">Reasoning with declarative models</h2></div>

<p>A robot and <a href="Dynamical_system" title="Dynamical system">dynamical systems</a> as well are controlled by software. The software is implemented as a normal computer program which consists of if-then-statements, for-loops and subroutines. The task for the programmer is to find an algorithm which is able to control the robot, so that it can do a task. In the history of robotics and <a href="Optimal_control" title="Optimal control">optimal control</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there were many paradigm developed. One of them are <a href="Expert_system" title="Expert system">expert systems</a>, which is focused on restricted domains.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expert systems are the precursor to model based systems.

</p><p>The main reason why model-based reasoning is researched since the 1990s is to create different layers for modeling and control of a system.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows to solve more complex tasks and existing programs can be reused for different problems. The model layer is used to monitor a system and to evaluate if the actions are correct, while the control layer determines the actions and brings the system into a goal state.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Typical techniques to implement a model are <a href="Declarative_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Declarative programming language">declarative programming languages</a> like Prolog<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Golog. From a mathematical point of view, a declarative model has much in common with the <a href="Situation_calculus" title="Situation calculus">situation calculus</a> as a logical formalization for describing a system.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From a more practical perspective, a declarative model means, that the system is simulated with a <a href="Game_engine" title="Game engine">game engine</a>. A game engine takes a <a href="Feature_(machine_learning)" title="Feature (machine learning)">feature</a> as input value and determines the output signal. Sometimes, a game engine is described as a prediction engine for simulating the world.

</p><p>In 1990, criticism was formulated on model-based reasoning. Pioneers of <a href="Nouvelle_AI" title="Nouvelle AI">Nouvelle AI</a> have argued, that symbolic models are separated from underlying physical systems and they fail to control robots.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="Behavior-based_robotics" title="Behavior-based robotics">behavior-based robotics</a> representative a reactive architecture can overcome the issue. Such a system doesn't need a symbolic model but the actions are connected direct to sensor signals which are grounded in reality.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Knowledge_representation">Knowledge representation</h2></div>

<p>In a model-based reasoning system <a href="Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> can be <a href="Knowledge_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge representation">represented</a> using <b>causal rules</b>. For example, in a <a href="Medical_expert_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical expert system">medical diagnosis system</a> the <a href="Knowledge_base" title="Knowledge base">knowledge base</a> may contain the following rule:

</p>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall }</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./bfc1a1a9c4c0f8d5df989c98aa2773ed657c5937.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.293ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall }" loading="lazy"></span> patients : Stroke(patient) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rightarrow }</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./53e574cc3aa5b4bf5f3f5906caf121a378eef08b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }" loading="lazy"></span> Confused(patient) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \land }">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \land }</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./d6823e5a222eb3ca49672818ac3d13ec607052c4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.55ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \land }" loading="lazy"></span> Unequal(Pupils(patient))</dd></dl>

<p>In contrast in a diagnostic reasoning system knowledge would be represented through diagnostic rules such as:

</p>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall }</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./bfc1a1a9c4c0f8d5df989c98aa2773ed657c5937.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.293ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall }" loading="lazy"></span> patients : Confused(patient) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rightarrow }</annotation>

</semantics>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall }</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./bfc1a1a9c4c0f8d5df989c98aa2773ed657c5937.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.293ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall }" loading="lazy"></span> patients : Unequal(Pupils(patient)) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rightarrow }</annotation>

</semantics>

<p>There are many other forms of models that may be used. Models might be quantitative (for instance, based on mathematical equations) or qualitative (for instance, based on cause/effect models.) They may include representation of uncertainty. They might represent behavior over time. They might represent "normal" behavior, or might only represent abnormal behavior, as in the case of the examples above. Model types and usage for model-based reasoning are discussed in.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Diagnosis_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Diagnosis (artificial intelligence)">Diagnosis (artificial intelligence)</a>, determining if a system's behavior is correct</li>

<li><a href="Behavior_selection_algorithm" title="Behavior selection algorithm">Behavior selection algorithm</a></li>

<li><a href="Case-based_reasoning" title="Case-based reasoning">Case-based reasoning</a>, solving new problems based on solutions of past problems</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFWatson,_David_P_and_Scheidt,_David_H2005" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, David P and Scheidt, David H (2005). "Autonomous systems". <i>Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest</i>. <b>26</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">368–</span>376.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNewton_S._Lee1990" class="citation journal cs1">Newton S. Lee (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fint.4550050202">"A computational paradigm that integrates rule-based and model-based reasoning in expert systems"</a>. <i>International Journal of Intelligent Systems</i>. <b>5</b> (2). Wiley: <span class="nowrap">135–</span>151. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fint.4550050202">10.1002/int.4550050202</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26907392">26907392</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcIlraith,_Sheila_A1999" class="citation conference cs1">McIlraith, Sheila A (1999). <i>Model-based programming using golog and the situation calculus</i>. Proceedings of the Tenth International Workshop on Principles of Diagnosis (DX’99). pp. <span class="nowrap">184–</span>192.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDvorak,_Daniel_and_Kuipers,_Benjamin1989" class="citation conference cs1">Dvorak, Daniel and Kuipers, Benjamin (1989). <i>Model-Based Monitoring of Dynamic Systems</i>. IJCAI. pp. <span class="nowrap">1238–</span>1243.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite conference}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNiederlinski,_A2001" class="citation journal cs1">Niederlinski, A (2001). "An expert system shell for uncertain rule-and model based reasoning". <i>Methods of Artificial Intelligence in Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering AIMech</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcIlraith,_Sheila_A1997" class="citation conference cs1">McIlraith, Sheila A (1997). <i>Representing actions and state constraints in model-based diagnosis</i>. AAAI/IAAI. pp. <span class="nowrap">43–</span>49.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks,_Rodney_A1990" class="citation journal cs1">Brooks, Rodney A (1990). "Elephants don't play chess". <i>Robotics and Autonomous Systems</i>. <b>6</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2). Elsevier: <span class="nowrap">3–</span>15. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.588.7539">10.1.1.588.7539</a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0921-8890%2805%2980025-9">10.1016/s0921-8890(05)80025-9</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gregstanleyandassociates.com/whitepapers/FaultDiagnosis/Model-Based-Reasoning/model-based-reasoning.htm">Model Based Reasoning for Fault Detection and Diagnosis</a></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFRussellNorvig2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Russell, Stuart J.</a>; <a href="Peter_Norvig" title="Peter Norvig">Norvig, Peter</a> (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/"><i>Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach</i></a> (2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, p. 260, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-13-790395-2</bdi></cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716213632/http://www.cs.uu.nl/docs/vakken/mbr/">Model-based reasoning at Utrecht University</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ti.arc.nasa.gov/">NASA Intelligent Systems Division</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning511" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning511" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation</a> and <a href="Automated_reasoning" title="Automated reasoning">reasoning</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Backward_chaining" title="Backward chaining">Backward chaining</a></li>

<li><a href="Case-based_reasoning" title="Case-based reasoning">Case-based reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Commonsense_reasoning" title="Commonsense reasoning">Commonsense reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Forward_chaining" title="Forward chaining">Forward chaining</a></li>

<li><a href="Inference_engine" title="Inference engine">Inference engines</a></li>

<li><a href="Proof_assistant" title="Proof assistant">Proof assistants</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_engineering" title="Knowledge engineering">Knowledge engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Expert_system" title="Expert system">Expert systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CLIPS" title="CLIPS">CLIPS</a></li>

<li><a href="Connectionist_expert_system" title="Connectionist expert system">Connectionist expert systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Expert_systems_for_mortgages" title="Expert systems for mortgages">Expert systems for mortgages</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_expert_system" title="Legal expert system">Legal expert systems</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Reasoning_system#Types_of_reasoning_system" title="Reasoning system">Reasoning systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Automated_theorem_proving" title="Automated theorem proving">Theorem provers</a></li>

<li><a href="Constraint_programming" title="Constraint programming">Constraint solvers</a></li>

<li><a href="Deductive_classifier" title="Deductive classifier">Deductive classifiers</a></li>

<li><a href="Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">Logic programs</a></li>

<li><a href="Procedural_reasoning_system" title="Procedural reasoning system">Procedural reasoning systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Rule_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule engine">Rule engines</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ontology_language" title="Ontology language">Ontology languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Attempto_Controlled_English" title="Attempto Controlled English">Attempto Controlled English</a></li>

<li><a href="F-logic" title="F-logic">F-logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_Interchange_Format" title="Knowledge Interchange Format">Knowledge Interchange Format</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">Web Ontology Language</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorem provers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CARINE" title="CARINE">CARINE</a></li>

<li><a href="Nqthm" title="Nqthm">Nqthm</a></li>

<li><a href="Otter_(theorem_prover)" title="Otter (theorem prover)">Otter</a></li>

<li><a href="Paradox_(theorem_prover)" title="Paradox (theorem prover)">Paradox</a></li>

<li><a href="Prover9" title="Prover9">Prover9</a></li>

<li><a href="SPASS" title="SPASS">SPASS</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Constraint_satisfaction" title="Constraint satisfaction">Constraint satisfaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Constraint_programming" title="Constraint programming">Constraint programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Constraint_logic_programming" title="Constraint logic programming">Constraint logic programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Local_consistency" title="Local consistency">Local consistency</a></li>

<li><a href="Satisfiability_modulo_theories" title="Satisfiability modulo theories">SMT solvers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Motion_planning" title="Motion planning">Motion planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-agent_planning" title="Multi-agent planning">Multi-agent planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Partial-order_planning" title="Partial-order planning">Partial-order planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Preference-based_planning" title="Preference-based planning">Preference-based planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Reactive_planning" title="Reactive planning">Reactive planning</a></li>

<li><a href="State-space_planning" title="State-space planning">State-space planning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<p><br>

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}.mw-parser-output :not(p):not(.asbox)+style+.asbox,.mw-parser-output :not(p):not(.asbox)+link+.asbox{margin-top:3em}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

</div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-02-06" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Model-based_reasoning&oldid=1274314812">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>